The cores of the stronger lines (Balmer lines, ionized calcium and magnesium) form mostly in the chromosphere, whereas weaker lines (e.g., G-band) originate from the low chromosphere/photosphere. This model is derived by semi-empirically inverting the observed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) line intensities. The VAL model (Vernazza, Avrett, & Loeser 1981) is the most widely used and complete model of the origin of the absorption lines. The corona, only viewable from earth when the photosphere is blocked out by a total eclipse or coronagraph, extends out though the solar system past Earth and on to the gas giants.īy careful comparison of atomic data with modelling of the solar atmosphere it is possible to estimate the height of formation of the Fraunhofer lines (Figure 1.4). This layer acts as an interface between the cool chromosphere and the hot tenuous corona. At a height of about 2000 km above the photosphere the electron density decreases sharply, and temperature increases dramatically from 25,000 K to a coronal temperature of 10 6K in a transition region only a few hundred kilometers thick. Moving up through the chromosphere the electron density drops off, while the temperature drops to a minimum of 4200 K then gradually increases again. A photon with a large range of energies can hence remove the electron by absorption.Ībove the photosphere the conditions change rapidly (Figure 1.4). The optical opacity of the photosphere and upper solar interior is mainly due to the negative hydrogen ion, where the second electron is only loosely attached. Hence for the Sun, where the majority of photons are emitted in the visible wavelength, the photosphere is often defined as the layer where light emitted at 5000 Å (green) has an optical depth of 2/3, As optical depth is a function of wavelength, it is reasonable to refer to the visible photosphere, the infrared-red photosphere, et cetera. The common definition of the photosphere is the layer from which the bulk of the visible photons are emitted, The photosphere has a small τ, so most photons can travel directly to earth without being absorbed. Photons originating in the core pass through the radiative and convective zones, with the respective transport mechanism dominating in each zone, before reaching the photosphere (Figure 1.3). This applies to the deep lying layers of the Sun. For a large τ, photons are absorbed and re-emitted numerous times along the line of sight, and so the plasma is described as optically thick. The optical depth is essentially the number of mean free paths along the line of sight. Where a λ is the extinction coefficient at a wavelength,λ, and z is a depth coordinate such that z outside the Sun.
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Your need for integrations depends on how you plan to use the mind mapping software, but tools with pre-built integrations with common tools like Microsoft Office and Google Drive make it easier to get more insight, more quickly, from your mind mapping app. Therefore, mind mapping software should make it easy to share mind maps, convert them into presentations, toggle between views, and enable others to easily access and view your mind maps. Is it easy to present and share your diagrams? Mind maps are often used as visual communication or presentation tools. These attachments help the team have loads of information in one view, without visually cluttering the board. The tools on this list mostly have tags or markers that let you know who is doing what.Ĭan users easily attach external files? The best mind mapping apps allow users to attach audio files, videos, images, and links to mind maps. 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But what are the foundations of physics, which is facing the challenge? To answer this question accurately, it is better to refer to the historical background. Recently, articles have been published that challenge. At first, physicists thought they can solve these problems within the framework of existing theories, but this is not the case today. Since the middle of the last century, physics has faced unanswered questions. When the foundations of science are faced with new problems, only a revolutionary and fundamental theory can solve these problems. There are other things that can be interesting for dear readers. General relativity cannot provide a precise definition of gravitational singularity, in the last three chapters of the book, attempted using CPH theory, the gravitational singularity is defined and explained the reason for the relativistic jets of supermassive black holes. In addition, in the last decade, the results of experiments and papers on the behavior and properties of fundamental particles have been published those challenge old theories (see chapter 32 of the book). On symmetry in physics, and the unification of the fundamental forces has added new stuff that wasn't in the old version. In the new edition of the book, while revisiting the old material, it is attempted to provide a more detailed perspective with specific examples, to distinguish between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. planning to update the book, whenever, I was confronted with something new that fits this book, I would take notes to incorporate it into the new edition.īecause this book was welcomed, and my extensive communication with students and professors across the world through scientific networks, a year ago, I decided to edit the book "Physics: From the Beginning to Now" and publish it in both Persian and English languages at the same time. During this time, the knowledge of physics has improved and new experiments have been performed that are unique in the history of science because of the accuracy of laboratory instruments. It's been almost ten years since the second edition of the Book "Physics: from the Beginning to Now" (in the Persian language) was published. Contact us to make an appointment.An introduction to the English translation of the book: A user-friendly digital viewing machine is available for use, from which readers can make scans of pages for personal research use. Microfilms are stored and accessed at the Archives Service Center. Oral History Interview Transcriptions - Reels 1-5 (See the 1967 guide above and/or the online catalog above.)īohr, Niels - Scientific Manuscripts - Reels 1-27īohr, Niels - Scientific Correspondence - Reels 1-34 University of Pittsburgh microfilm holdings in this collection:ĪHQP - Main Series - Reels 1-92. Permission to quote from or to publish documents in the AHQP must be obtained from the respective literary heirs, trustees, or deposit library. The AHQP's various finding aids, including Kuhn's inventory, provide only chronological and proper name access to material. The online index at the American Philosophical Society Library gives an index by reel. The International Catalog of Sources for History of Physics and Allied Sciences at AIP can be searched for updated collection information.American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1967. Sources for History of Quantum Physics.Lawrence Badash, Rutherford Correspondence Catalog (New York: American Institute of Physics, 1974).Bruce Wheaton, Catalogue of the Paul Ehrenfest Archive at the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden (Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1977).Furthermore, some subcollections have their own published finding aids. It must be remembered, though, that more than half the microfilms in the AHQP were produced after this guide was compiled. S724, Hillman Library - General Collection and Engineering Library, G33 Benedum Hall). Much of the AHQP is described in detail in Kuhn's Sources for History of Quantum Physics (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1967). This is the most important overview of the collection and its history (Print copy: q QC174.1. Our copy is the farthest west of those in the United States. The University of Pittsburgh is one of nineteen universities worldwide who own this collection and only one of five in the United States. In addition to the ongoing toll of World War I, a cloud of violence hung over Chicago’s Comiskey Park, as a bomb had torn apart the Chicago Federal Building just the day before. “The Star-Spangled Banner” made its sporting-event debut in September 1918, during that year’s first World Series game between the Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox. History of the National Anthem at Sporting Events In 1931-more than 100 years after it was composed-Congress passed a measure declaring “The Star-Spangled Banner” as the official national anthem. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed an executive order designating it “the national anthem of the United States.” But during and immediately after the Civil War, Key’s song gained a deeper meaning, as the American flag became an increasingly powerful symbol of national unity.īy the 1890s, the U.S military had adopted the song for ceremonial purposes, playing it to accompany the raising and lowering of the colors. Growing Popularity of “The Star-Spangled Banner”Īt first, “The Star-Spangled Banner” trailed “Yankee Doodle” and “Hail Columbia” in popularity among patriotic 19th-century tunes. Instead, Key became a leader of the colonization movement, which advocated the relocation of black slaves to Africa and eventually resulted in the modern nation of Liberia. He did speak out against the cruelties of the institution of slavery, but did not see abolition as the solution. attorney argued several prominent cases against the abolitionist movement. Though his celebrated anthem proclaimed the United States “the land of the free,” Key was in fact a slaveholder from an old Maryland plantation family, and as a U.S. He composed other verses over the course of his life, but none received anywhere close to the recognition of “The Star-Spangled Banner.” After contracting pleurisy, Key died in 1843 at the age of 63. He served as a member of the “Kitchen Cabinet” of President Andrew Jackson and in 1833 was appointed as a U.S. Key’s Complicated LegacyĪfter the war of 1812, Key continued his thriving law career. Key himself had even used the tune before, as accompaniment for verses he wrote in 1805 commemorating American naval victories in the Barbary War. In one famous case, defenders of the embattled second president, John Adams, used the tune for a song called “Adams and Liberty.” The Anacreontic Song, as it was known, had a track record of popularity in the United States by 1814. It was originally performed at a London gentleman’s music club called the Anacreontic Society. Written around 1775 by John Stafford Smith, the song honored the ancient Greek poet Anacreon, a lover of wine. Ironically, the melody Key assigned to accompany the lyrics of “The Star-Spangled Banner” was a popular English drinking song called “To Anacreon in Heaven.” Back in Baltimore, he continued working until he had completed four verses (only one of which is commonly known today).Īfter a local printer issued the song, originally called “Defence of Fort M’Henry,” two Baltimore newspapers printed it, and it spread quickly to various cities along the East Coast.īy November 1814, Key’s composition had appeared in print for the first time under the name “The Star-Spangled Banner.” From Drinking Song to American Anthem Who Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”?įrancis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” and its initial verse on the back side of a letter while watching the large American flag waving over the fort that morning. As a condition of the release, the British ordered the Americans not to return to shore during the attack on Baltimore. William Beanes, who had been captured in an earlier battle. Key had been helping to negotiate the release of an American civilian, Dr. Francis Scott KeyĪ Maryland-born attorney with a thriving practice in Washington, D.C., Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment of Fort McHenry from a ship anchored in Baltimore’s harbor. flag over the fort, marking a crucial victory and a turning point in what would be considered a second war of American independence. Early the next morning, they hoisted a gigantic U.S. soldiers at Baltimore’s Fort McHenry withstood some 25 hours of British bombardment. The Royal Navy then trained its sights on the key seaport of Baltimore, Maryland. and set fire to the White House, the Capitol and other government buildings. That August, British troops invaded Washington, D.C. But after Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, the British turned their full attention to the war in North America. With British forces distracted by the country’s ongoing war with France, the United States scored some encouraging early victories in the War of 1812. sailors into the Royal Navy and standing in the way of westward expansion led the United States to declare war in June 1812. Simmering anger at Britain for interfering in American trade, impressing U.S. in Medieval History at Rutgers University, specializing in religious and social history. Salisbury is Professor Emerita of Humanistic Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, where she taught history and served as associate dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences and director of International Education. I always looked forward to the next lecture and the new things that I would get to learn! Strongly recommended! Professor Salisbury speaks well and has no distracting mannerisms that came through in the lectures. They lived in exciting times and I was overjoyed to hear about how they lived. I had very little knowledge of the lives of these women before listening to these lectures. However, Professor Salisbury also fascinates us with the life of the Trung sisters of ancient Vietnam, Sorkhakhtani of the Mongol Empire, Galla Placidia of the Roman Empire, and Dhouda who lived in Carolignian France. Some of these women are quite famous, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine and Joan of Arc. These are stories that are worth the telling, and Professor Salisbury has a talent for bringing out what is the most intriguing aspect of these women's lives. Professor Salisbury shines a light on some women who were famous in their time, but most likely are only familiar to the specialist today. I am interested in history in the first place, but what I really liked about this course is the fact that I learned so much. 36 Women Worth Knowing About! I've completed about 20 Great Courses from start to finish and I'd place this course in the top five of courses I've finished. 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Enter the location to save the video in "Save to:" option. for Mac and iOS, is a well-known video editing software application.Select the video which you want to import into iMovie.You will see all your photos and videos from Photos library.Click "Photos" located left side under the Media.If you are looking for a step by step process to transfer videos from Apple Photos app to iMovie on Mac, read below.įollowing are the steps to Transfer Videos from Apple Photos App to iMovie on Mac: Once you edited your videos in iMovie and share to iMovie Theater, it automatically keeps your videos up to date across all your devices. But, if you have videos, then iMovie is the best option to edit your videos and share them to iCloud and access them anywhere on any device. Essentially, that means the app is free on nearly all. Its a simple, elegant and highly powerful video editor. Filmora Video Editor Filmora Video Editoris the flagship video editing software for Mac 10.11 EL Capitan (10.13 High Sierra included). It is easy to use and helps you to keep your growing library organized and accessible. If you purchased a Mac on or after October 20, 2010, you get iMovie for free from the Mac App Store. Here are the best of the best video editing softwares for Mac OS X El Capitan(10.13 High Sierra included). Photos is a photo management and editing application provided by Apple. |